Essay on What´s Minimata Disease - 1096 Words

Minamata disease comes from ingesting mercury contaminated fish or shellfish. Minamata was a small fishing village in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It is now considered a city, but was the sight of the most unhuman and environmental destruction cases in history. It started in the 1930s with a company that has been there since the 1907, the Chisso Corporation started to make acetaldehyde, which is used in some plastics. Acetaldehyde (C2H4O or CH3CHO) or Ethyl Aldehyde is sometimes referred as MeCHO. The company’s product waste spill into the village’s fishing bay, which bacteria turned the heavy mental into methyl mercury and later on organic form of methyl mercury chloride (CH3HgCl). The small village relied heavily on its income of†¦show more content†¦A week later her younger sister was sent to the hospital with the same symptoms. Dr. Kaneki and Dr. Hosokawa examined the two sisters, and noticed their symptoms was the same as many others. They immediately notified Minamata public health center, and they sent their director Dr. Ito to interview the two mothers. Alien Smith was an investigative reporter, and interviewed the neighbors of these two little girls, and found out that they were regarded as highly intellect b efore the disease. Alien Smith also noticed that animals around the area, were acting very peculiar. They had the same symptoms as the two children, and some of them had jump right into the bay. Dr. Hajime Hosokawa from the Chisso hospital started to investigate the disease. He ran some test to find out if it was contagious or not, and where the main source was. He concluded that the source was the waste coming out of Chisso dumping sight, but he needed to test his theory. He gave the waste to numerous cats, and depending on the amount of waste, the cats symptoms escaladed and the final result was death. He concluded that ill patients and animals were eating the same fish from the bay that Chisso was dumping in. Unfortunately, Dr Hosokawa results were never made public until years after the incident. Alien Smith and other investigators accused Chisso Corporation of being the cause, so they stopped the dumping into the bay and moved it into the Minamata river delta instead. ChissoSho w MoreRelatedAmerica s An Ocean Cleanup Program1931 Words   |  8 PagesAs stated before the ocean plays a huge role in a food source as well as weather conditions. For instance say that there was huge wind gusts blowing in from the ocean in Boston. Those winds are carrying deadly diseases from all the rotting waste that just sits in the ocean. Those diseases could be fatal for human kind, all because of where we put our trash. Many people think that mother nature can heal herself once again. But humans have polluted the ocean so much that it may not be able to support

The Later Years Of The Postclassical Era - 943 Words

The Later Postclassical Era The in the later years of the postclassical era introduces the human generation a new way to live, cities became vastly important for trades for merchants and foreigners, and how different states reacted to the change by making laws that would be applicable for their own self interests. Among the trades and policy’s. Expansion became vitally important, for many states and regions, the essay will present a big picture of how the later postclassical era innovated many lives by different states and regions interacting with each other and sharing their own traditions and values to one another. How did trades became a huge factor to the postclassical era. Trades were popular in different regions throughout the globe but major trades were happening in Eurasia, (1000-1500) â€Å"From the earliest time of Eurasia trading became extremely popular, like the trading patterns that were used like the silk road for many luxuries, good that were considered high value at its time, and where some of the bigger items or commodities that were heavy to travel with were shipped to sail in the sea of the Indian ocean.† – Journal 15 the trades era wasn’t the safest time either, they were many incidents where different states would try to conquest another to build trade advantage in the thirteenth century the Mongols were one of the perpetrator to take over cities for tradeShow MoreRelatedAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 Pagesenlightened an tolerant one 6. The Persian legal code was designed to * Codify laws of the subject peoples 7. The center of the Persian communications network was * The Royal Road 8. Basic tenets of Zoroastrianism that influenced later religions * The belief in heaven and hell * The encouragement of high moral standards * The doctrine that individuals will undergo a final judgment * The belief that each individual plays a key role in determining his orRead MoreEastern Christendom : Building On The Roman Past Essay2059 Words   |  9 Pagesadministrative system gave generals authority and allowed them to raise armies from peasants o Emperor claimed to govern all of creation as God’s representative o Imperial court represented Persia’s o Centralized state did not really effect citizens o Later attacks after 1085 shrank the empire because of outside attacks o Ended in 1453 when Ottoman empire took Constantinople †¢ The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence o Emperor was both a Caesar and the pope, or caesaropapism o Treated church as governmentRead MoreEssay on Change Analysis Chart Postclassical (600-1450 C.E.)8730 Words   |  35 Pages* Change Analysis Chart Postclassical (600-1450 C.E.) | Basic Features at Beginning of period | Key Continuities | Key Changes | Basic Features at End of Period | Reasons for Change or Continuities | Global Trade What other trading systems existed at the beginning of the period? The Indian Ocean system is a continuity, not a change.What about the gold-salt trade? Dont you mean the Pax  Mongolica? | * Trade was very international. * Silk roads linked Eurasia, and goods traded hands many

The General Environment Free Essays

SUMMARY OF UNDERSTANDING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 2: The General Environment The external environment facing the organization consists of both: a. A general environment, often referred to as the macro-environment because changes that occur here will have an effect that transcends firms and specific industries. b. We will write a custom essay sample on The General Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now A competitive environment, consists of the industry and markets in which an organization competes. In order to scan and monitor their environment, firms require tools of analysis that will allow them to factor in the changes in the general environment and evaluate their impact. One such approach involves scanning the environment to detect signals that will act as a signpost for future changes in the organization’s industry. In addition, an organization must monitor its environment to discern patterns and trends that are beginning to form and try to forecast the future direction of these trends. a. Scanning the environment Scanning, therefore, is an opportunity for the organization to detect weak signals in the general environment before these have coalesced into a discernible pattern which might affect its competitive environment. The first is that the organization may fail to identify these signals. The second is that the organization may discern a pattern that is not there but is based on the assumptions and mental models that managers carry in their heads. b. Monitoring the environment * Monitoring can be seen as the activity that follows these initially disparate signals and tracks them as they grow into more clearly discernible patterns. * Monitoring allows an organization to see how these general environment trends will impact on its competitive environment. * Monitoring uses a finer brush stroke. * There is no focus for an organization’s monitoring activities. One way in which an organization might monitor weak signals is to set thresholds such that any activity which occurs above the threshold will be monitored. c. Forecasting changes in the environment Three main types of uncertainty (Van der Heijden, 1996): * Risks: where past performance of similar events allows us to estimate the probabilities of future outcomes. * Structural uncertainties: where an event is un ique enough not to offer evidence of such probabilities. * Unknowables: where we cannot even imagine the event. Scenario planning is a disciplined method for imagining possible future. It is ‘an internally consistent view of what the future might turn out to be’ (Porter 1985, p. 446). A scenario can be seen as a challenging, plausible, and internally consistent view of what the future might turn out to be. They are not forecasts in the sense that one is able to extrapolate using past data. However, they do deal with the future and provide a tool of analysis for the organization to structure the surfeit of information that is contained in the present. In particular, scenarios help organizations recognize the weak signals that signpost changes in its environment. The benefits of scenario planning for Shell have been: More robust strategic decisions. * Better thinking about the future by a ‘stretching mental model’. * Enhancing corporate perception and recognizing events as a pattern (the recognition and monitoring of weak signals until they coalesce into a pattern is clearly important here). * Improving communication throughout the company b y providing a context for decisions. * A means to provide leadership to the organization. A process for developing scenarios is as follows: * Define the scope. This involves setting the time frame and the scope of analysis. * Identify the major stakeholders. Identify basic trends. * Identify key uncertainties. * Construct initial scenario themes. * Check for consistency and plausibility. * Develop learning scenarios. * Identify research needs. * Develop quantitative models. * Evolve towards decision scenarios. PEST Analysis * PEST analysis is simply another tool to help the organization detect and monitor those weak signals in the hope of recognizing the discontinuities or fractures shaping the environment. * PEST analysis can be used to help detect trends in the external environment that will ultimately find their way into the competitive environment. It provides a link between the general and competitive environments in that weak signals in the general environment can become key forces for change in the competitive environment. SWOT Analysis Scenario planning and PEST analysis can help to identify the external opportunities and threats (OT) facing an organization. The firm’s internal strengths and weaknesses (SW) can best be determined following an appraisal of its resources and capabilities. SWOT analysis allows an organization to assess its current strategy in light of its changing environment and to help turn potential threats into opportunities and weaknesses into strengths. A key point to keep in mind is that it is the external analysis that precedes the internal analysis of a firm’s resources and capabilities. SUMMARY OF RM-6 â€Å"Sustaining Competitive Advantage in the Global Petrochemical Industry: A Saudi Arabian Perspective† From a global perspective, the competitiveness of some firms arises from macro-economic phenomena directed by exchange rates, deficit of the national budget or interest rates (Passemard and Kleiner, 2000). Competitiveness also arises from factors other than macro-economic, such as availability of raw materials, cheaper work force or technological superiority. Porter (1980) is credited with being the pioneer in identifying factors that contribute to national advantage. Porter (1985) made valuable contributions in identifying important factors that contribute to national advantage, that is the factor conditions of a nation, such as infrastructure and the availability of resources; demand conditions in the home country; the presence or absence of related and supporting industries necessary for being competitive in the global market; the firm’s strategy, structure and rivalry with other ompanies that influence how firms are established, organised and managed; and the nature of the rivalry affects the competitive advantage of industries and nations (Porter, 1990). Saudi Arabia is well known throughout the world as a leading producer and exporter of oil. For many years prior to the 1970s, a large volume of associated gas by products which were produced in the process of crude oil production, had been flared into the atmosphere. However, in the early 1970s the Saudi Arabian government initiated a plan to utilize these precious hydrocarbon and mineral resources for the production of various petrochemicals, fertilizers, iron and steel. Saudi Arabia accounts for a little more than 5% of the world’s petrochemicals production. However, Saudi Arabia is the largest producer of MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) with a global share of around 15%. It has also a big market share in the production of methanol (around 12%) and ethylene glycol (14%). Domestic consumption in Saudi Arabia is low, due to the small size of the market. The industry in general has therefore pursued an ‘export-orientated’ strategy, as a result of which more than 76% of its petrochemicals production is being exported. The two major markets for the Saudi petrochemical exports are the Middle Eastern and East Asian region. The strength weakness of Saudi petrochemical industry: * Strength: Low cost due to economic of scale, initial cost, feed-stock, and utilities. Presence of efficient infrastructure * Weakness: Lack of management expertise, marketing approach, product development, and technology Main issue: From those strength weaknesses above, we could see that Saudi petrochemical industry was depending on the comparative advantage rather than the support of competitive advantage to sustain in global competition. Analysis: Using Porter’s five force model above, we could analyze that: * The entry of competitors: raw materials controlled by many firms, new and high technology, large complex operational, high investment * The threat of substitutes: concerns on biochemical substitution * The argaining power of buyers: find alternative market, focus on domestic and foreign customers * The bargaining power of suppliers: change the supplier with low cost, find reasonable price and obtaining credit facilities, no substitute of aluminum alkyls high threat * The rivalry among the existing players: zero differentiation, see the competitor like SABIC, Exxon, Shell, BASF, Dow, Mitsubishi in equal size and market power oversupply Solution: * Improve human resources department to develop the technical and managerial skills of local employees * Increase the effort in marketing, distribution Penetrated global market, and research development division to modify manufacturing process which safe for environment * Increase productivity and cut loss, merge small to medium firms to strengthen capital base. Lesson learned: Based on analysis using Porter’s model, it is illustrate that Saudi petrochemical industry environment able to help other firms to formulate the strategy, not only consider to the general environment and competitor analysis but also to the Porter’s model itself. * Realize that external factors will influence the firm, directly and indirectly. The firm also has to formulate their strategy based on the external factor (which couldn’t be controlled), how to match the next action with their capacity. How to cite The General Environment, Essay examples

My minds in turmoil Essay Example For Students

My minds in turmoil Essay My minds in turmoil My heart is torn two ways Little did I know That tonight would be in such dismay As tears streak down my cheeks Down Memory Lane I take a peek There he sat in a small cage, A contented yawn and sleepy gaze. Midnight black with two white socks, Emblazoned on his chest- a bold, bright cross Round as a ball on four small paws, In love I fell, the first sight I saw. Took him home in my arms, First thing he did was pee all around. My father yelled, my mother sighed, But I melted when I saw his puppy dog eyes. In time he grew Mischievous and gay Prancing around, causing trouble Mayhem and dismay A scolding I would give And with a guilty look, he received. A moment later hell crawl humbly to me With downcast eyes and drooped tail Begging for forgiveness And gladly I would shower love. But somehow gradually, Things started to change. He grew hard to control, Aggressive, fierce, sometimes even half-deranged. Yet sometimes I can still see His eyes looking lovingly at me. Full of trust and dependance, He looks to me as his alliance. Loyal and faithful, Loving and true, Not once has he turned against me, Yet his murderer I must now be. Took him into the car, A bundle of energy and excitement, The veil of tears I could hardly bear To see him oblivious to his coming death sentence. Placed him on the cold aluminium table, The clicking of his nails echoing throughout the room Trembling from head to foot, To me he ran for comfort. Took him into my arms, Hugged him close to my heart, Hid my face in his fur, He could not understand why the tears. Stroking him soothingly, Reluctantly I let him go Lies and empty promises That everything will be okay- I told. The lethal needle slid home Within seconds he was struggling to stand. As life left his body and bone He weakly lay down and put his head near my hand. With a breaking heart, I leaned down to whisper a tearful goodbye He looked at me with glazed over eyes That seemed to askà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Why?

Capital Punishment Essays (413 words) - American Revolution

Capital Punishment From 1763, throughout the mid-1770's an ideology of revolution began to evolve throughout the thirteen American colonies. Many factors contributed to the formation of this ideology including Salutary Neglect, the Boston Massacre, and the British tax policy. In the early 1700's the British neglected the colonists because neglect served the British economic interests better than strict enforcement. The colonies prospered as did their trade with Britain, without much government interference. But, at the end of the French and Indian war, British leaders reevaluated their relationship with the colonies; because of conflicts between Great Britain and the colonies during the war, ending the policy of salutary neglect and proposing reforms and new taxes. The war had left Great Britain deeply in debt and the British viewed American prosperity as a resource and taxing the colonies as a means to relieve British debt. More and more Americans were convinced that British politicians were deliberately robbing them of their personal independence through taxation. The Stamp Act of 1765 which required the colonists to buy and place revenue stamps on all official legal documents, deeds, newspapers, pamphlets, dice, and playing cards, left the colonists alarmed and the educated colonists mounted an ideological attack on the new British policies. The colonists believed that the Stamp Act was an attempt by Britain to seize control of taxation from the representative colonial assemblies and to tax the colonists without giving them representation in government; ?taxation without representation.? While confrontations over taxes and reforms were serious, the bonds uniting the colonies and Britain were still strong. An American diplomat declared in 1769 that the British ministry should ?Repeal the laws, Renounce the Right, Recall the troops, Refund the money, and return to the old method of requisition.? This solution would have required parliament to renounce its claims to sovereign power in America and was almost unthinkable given its quest for authority. Moreover, violent acts such as the Boston Massacre, in which soldiers fired at colonists after some boys threw ice at a sentry guarding the Customs House; killing an African American named Crispus Attucks and four other colonists, showed how difficult it would be to achieve any peaceful constitutional compromise. These main factors as well as many others, played into the hands of those Americans who wanted independence. They saw the British as corrupt, immoral, and power hungry and they felt they needed to take a stand against the pattern of enslavement they saw in these actions. They did not see themselves as radicals or revolutionaries; they were simply protecting their way of life, their land, and their households. Thus brought about the formation of the ideology for a revolution.

Black Surname Meaning and Origin

Black Surname Meaning and Origin As you might expect, the Black surname generally relates to the color black: Black is most commonly a descriptive surname meaning one who was black haired or dark complexioned.Black can also be an occupational surname given to or adopted by a cloth dyer who specialized in black dyes. The surnames SCHWARTZ, SCHWARZ and other variants are the German equivalents of the Black surname. BLACK is the 149th most popular surname in the United States. Surname Origin: English Alternate Surname Spellings: BLACKE, BLAKE, BLAKEY, BLAKELEY, BLACKETT, BLACKHAM, BLACKIE, BLACKLOCK, BLACKMAN, BLACKMON, BLACKMORE, BLACKSHAW,BLACKWOOD, BLAKEMAN Famous People with the Surname Black Joachim Krà ³l - German actorJohn Joseph Krol - Roman Catholic Cardinal Genealogy Resources for the Surname Black The BLACK Surname DNA Project: Connect with others using DNA to help trace the origins of their BLACK family, including variants such as Blacke, Blackett, Blackham, Blackie, Blacklock, Blackman, Blackmon, Blackmore, Blackshaw, Blackwell, Blackwood, Blagg, Blake, Blakeley, Blakeman, Blakiston, Blanc, Bleach, Bluck, Duff, Schwartz, Swartz and Swarz.Black Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Black surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Black surname query.FamilySearch - BLACK Genealogy: Find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Black surname and its variations.BLACK Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Black surname.Cousin Connect - BLACK Genealogy Queries: Read or post genealogy queries for the surname Black, and sign up for free notification when new Black queries are added.DistantCousin.com - BLACK Genealogy Family History: F ree databases and genealogy links for the last name Black. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Computer Communications & Networks Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer Communications & Networks - Lab Report Example In order to test connectivity of the Internet connection, ping command is executed from the command prompt of the operating system. The syntax will be ping (space) (destination address), moreover, in order to review hops and delays in accessing the X stream server, the ‘tracert’ command can be executed from the command prompt. The syntax for this command will be tracert (space) (destination address). The ping command utilized Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to check the connectivity of the destination by sending ICMP echo request on periodic basis. Moreover, the ‘tracert’ command demonstrates all the hops and delays that are in the way of that particular destination. Likewise, it is not necessary that only routers are involved in the process of establishing and exchanging information from the required host. The Ethernet is the first device that initiates and constructs a request datagram from the home computer, as it is considered to be the most pop ular Local Area Network technology that is implemented globally (Ethernet. 2007). The connectivity of the Ethernet adapter is established by both wired and wireless networks. However, in terms of wired connectivity, twisted pairs of cable are connected in to the Ethernet RJ45 socket. The other end of the wire is terminated to the router, switch or hub. In this scenario, home user will use a DSL router that will connect the home computer with the Internet Service Provider (ISP). Likewise, the Ethernet construct the datagram consisting of six parameters i.e. destination address, source address, preamble, type, CRC and data. The preamble parameter is responsible for clock synchronization of the data packets from the source and destination. Likewise, the addresses... This report approves that home Internet users do not have DNS configured. ISP is responsible to resolve the URL into IP addresses. In order to do so, the request from the home network will terminate on the ISP Network that will resolve the URL and sends the request to the relevant destination accordingly. After resolving the DNS for the URL, the router checks for the shortest and robust path for processing the quest with the help of routing protocol. Some popular routing protocols include Routing Information Protocol, Open Shortest Path First, Border Gateway Protocol. After identifying the most suitable path for the request, the connection to the X stream server will be established. Encapsulation of User datagram protocol, IP and Ethernet takes place before sending it to the router for resolving DNS query. This essay makes a conclusion that the first section covered mandatory requirements as well issues that occur on physical layer connectivity. Likewise, we have discussed the Ethernet packet header along with its purpose in details. The next discussion was about CSMA/CD, as the request needs space to fulfill the execution. Next we have discussed the ARP command along with the discussion of a MAC address packet. Moreover, in the next section we have discussed the network layer connectivity and router functionality. We have also put some light on routing protocols and their functions. Furthermore, in the last section, DNS query construction is discusses along with socket connections by incorporating HTTP, TCP/IP, UDP and ARP for opening the X stream web page on the home user browser.

Compare (Similar aspects) the ethnographic fieldwork of Malinowski, Research Paper

Compare (Similar aspects) the ethnographic fieldwork of Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown and Levi- Strauss. What impact did they have - Research Paper Example The emphasis in this demonstration is thus on permitting critical meanings and categories to emerge from the ethnographic experience rather than forcing these from current models.   An etic viewpoint, by contrast, means to a more remote, analytical based to experience. This ethnographic essay seeks to evaluate and analyze the work of Malinowski in Trobriand Islands, Radcliffe- Brown’s work in the Andaman Islands and Levi-Strauss’s work in Brazil. Comparison Malinowski anthropology work or study in Trobriand Islands started when he went on his field work. The war broke out in Europe and he was caught in a dilemma of which side he belonged to. So took the opportunity to adapt and learn foreign languages that assisted him to survive the time’s critical circumstances (Atkinson 61). The anthropology work of Malinowski about knew the life style in Trobriand Islands and this is illustrated in the subsequent expression. Primitive or pre-market society, executed duties in different ways to market economies. In market trade matters, products are exchanged in the market location and the objective of the deal is to come out with proceeds (Atkinson 61). Pre-market financial matters are very diverse. They work, not as is frequently preempted, by barter, by what is recognized as ‘gift swap’, and since the dealings of gift exchange depends at the heart of comprehending all early communities, it is essential to first journey the Western Pacific, to the Trobriand Islands where Bronislaw travelled to assess and understand work of the anthropology as first worked out regarding gift exchange. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown is renowned as the founder of structural-functionalism and as a key co-founder of British communal anthropology, along with Bronislaw Malinowski. Radcliffe-Brown initially came to lime light through his assessment of kinship and social association among The Andaman Islanders (1922) and, afterward, amongst the aborigines of Australia, doc umented in such anthropologies as SOAT (Social Organization of Australian Tribes) (1931). Structural-functionalism perceptions society as an entity based of functionally mutually dependent institutions (Moore 136). Structural-functional psychoanalysis, although later reassessed as reductionist, deeply impacted the development of communal anthropology and carry on to influence the sub disciplines of economic and political anthropology. Radcliffe has been defined as the classic to Bronislaw Malinowski's idealistic. Radcliffe-Brown incorporated French sociology to British anthropology, developing a rigorous series of concepts to categorize ethnography. Greatly impacted by the effort of Emile Durkheim (Moore 136), the anthropologist saw organizations as the key to sustaining the global social arrangement of a society, equivalent to the parts of a body, and his researches of social purpose examine how traditions aid in maintaining the overall steadiness of a society. Claude Levi-Strauss was the renowned influential anthropologist of his age group, and one of the foremost academia in post-war France. His anthropology writings inspired a main intellectual association, and at least two of his articles have immensely become classics of French prose. He was mainly responsible for the growth of social anthropology in France and by extension the rest of the world (Erickson 100). Levi-Strauss's associates, the Strauss and the Levi

Financial analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial analysis - Essay Example Its Critical success factors are looked upon along with the strategies that it has followed over the years to maintain its Market Share in such a competitive industry. Background â€Å"Airbus SAS is an aircraft manufacturing subsidiary of EADS, a European aerospace company. Based in Toulouse, France, and with significant activity across Europe, the company produces around half of the world's jet airliners. Some figures about Airbus are that is it’s a global company having 9 engineering design centers, 15 manufacturing sites, 20 languages, 24 hour customer support (365 days a year), 50 flight simulators, 88 nationalities and more than 5,300 aircraft delivered† (Linkedin, Airbus). American airline manufactures were the first ones to produce aircrafts in bulk quantity hence a competitor was required in Europe. As a response, three of the major European countries; France, United Kingdom and Germany joined together and built up the Airbus Industry. This was a government init iative of the above three countries to built up an organization that can give a proper competition to the American Airline Manufacturers such as Boeing, Lockheed, etc. Airbus came up with A300 as their first product; it was later modified to increase passenger capacity to more than 300 passengers and was known as A380. It was clearly evident that it was collaboration of three countries working together. Airbus’s engines were to be manufactured by Rolls Royce. Initially the company had to bear high development costs as their engines were produced by Rolls Royce. The engine designed by Rolls Royce was also facing major difficulties and delays. Gradually, the company has increased its competition by creating modern aircrafts which are dominating the market (Davies, 2001; Airbus - Gathering Clouds, 2008). The Airbus jetliner products line consists of 14 different aircraft models. All these models are diversified with respect to size, specification and capacity (Airbus.com). Revie w of Management Accounting According to CIMA, Management accounting â€Å"is the practical science of value creation within organizations in both the private and public sectors. It combines accounting, finance and management with the leading edge techniques needed to drive successful businesses. Management accountants operate in financial and non-financial roles throughout organizations and carry out all their training and experience requirements within business itself, providing them with a unique insight into how their organizations operate.† (CIMA Official Website) Management accounting, hence, plays a vital role in the success of any organization. It helps in giving an insight to the managers about the problem areas, risk factors and performance determinants which can be controlled by managerial decisions and processes. Critical Success Factor - Airbus Critical Success Factors in an airline manufacturing industry are the passenger capacity that the company has to offer, i ts performance, the organization’s reputation, etc. Airbus has been a leader in civil aircraft manufacturing for a decade or so in Europe and globally too it is recognized as a market leader along with Boeing, Lockheed, etc. All this is because Airbus has been very good when it comes to

The possible solution

The possible solution CHAPTER VII One reason for dissatisfaction with the IWT is that, as presently constructed, it offers very thin support to the integrated or joint development of the Indus River Basin. After all the treatys success, in the face of huge distrust and animosity between the two signatory, had largely to do with its abandonment of customary international norms governing internationally shared rivers. In particular, it discarded the norms protecting the downstream countrys traditional uses of rivers wtare, in place of which it offered geo-physical partition of the river system itself. This formula was conceivable only in the unique geographic and political circumstances of the Indus Basin[1] As has been brought out in the previous chapter the complete abrogation of the IWT is not possible therefore there is a need to generate various options that can be exercised to resolve the conflict of interest between Pakistan and Kashmir over water resources. Pakistans answer to the problem lies in complete contr ol over the state of Jammu Kashmir which would place the watershed areas in its control and solve its problem of being a lower riparian state. This is not a practical solution. Indias solution to the problems envisages gradual erosion of the provision of the treaty by constructions of dams in Jammu and Kashmir which would enable it to exploit the resources of the three Northern rivers while remain on the fringes of the treaty. These different approaches by both the countries may not provide us with a solution which would be acceptable to the masses of India, Pakistan and the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Let us examine some of the solutions that have been offered by various personalities as also see the feasibility of implementing them. Chenab Formula [2] Pakistan has directly or indirectly emphasised the Chenab Formula as the most preferred option. This division would be based on the flow of the Chenab, but it would to some extent coincide with religious demography.Why is then Pakistan interested in the Chenab formula that includes parts of Jammu? With a small twist to this proposal, consider the hypothetical situation, as suggested by many experts, of only Kashmir being a part of Pakistan, and entire Jammu province and Ladakh under India. One evident outcome of such an arrangement would be the dissolving of the Indus Waters Treaty, as the political status of Kashmir would change. The distribution of water resources would be altered. Pakistan would then have complete control over only the Indus, Jhelum, and some of their tributaries. The Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers would fall under Indias jurisdiction. This arrangement would be detrimental to Pakistan, as it would lose a major water source the Chenab. The incumbent major water resources for Pakistan Indus and Jhelum have already been exploited to the maximum in Pakistani Punjab itself where over half their water flows is diverted for irrigation. The Chenab also is a major source of water to Punjab. Moreover, the Chenab-Jhelum combine is the only tributary of the Indus that enhances the latters flow downstream Punjab. Losing Chenab to India would mean drastic reduction in water supplies to Sindh, which is already on the brink of a water crisis. It is imperative to note here that the location where the eastern tributaries merge to join the Indus River is at a point just prior to entering Sindh. Moreover, Sindh receives water only from the Indus River. Losing Chenab would also warrant a major rearrangement of the irrigation network in Punjab. This clearly explains Pakistans insistence on making Chenab the basis of the international bo rder and including parts of Jammu and not merely the Kashmir valley, under its jurisdiction. Moreover, it provides strategic depth for the Mangla Dam. Thus, the Chenab Formula would be the preferred solution for Pakistan but will have grave consequences for India. Apart from losing out on the state of Jammu and Kashmir which will lead many other complications, this formula will also see India losing out on its water resources emanating from Jammu and Kashmir. Whatever flexibility that India has due its limited rights over three Northern Rivers will be forsaken for no apparent advantage. Therefore, if hostility reach a degree where Pakistan formally proposes the Chenab Formula, and not merely as a suggestion in track-two diplomacy, Indias response should be in the negative and belligerent. Valley Formula[3] Since Chenab Formula and the resultant division of Jammu portends war, consider an alternate solution, put forward by some experts, of handing over the Valley of Kashmir to Pakistan. Pakistans ISI acts on the belief that it can conquer the Valley of Kashmir by low intensity insurgency. If we were to consider a future scenario in which Pakistan with the aid of terrorist groups have managed to capture to the Valley of Kashmir which has always been its intention than the consequences of such an action for Pakistan would indeed be grave. Apart from other military and economic action which India would be bound to carry out the natural lay of the Indus water system will place Pakistan in great discomfort. Indias response would be to block the flow of the Chenab River into Pakistan thereby depriving Pakistan of major tributary for the Indus. Technically it is possible to divert the water of the Chenab River and join it with the Ravi, thus retaining Chenab for Indias sole use. Under such circumstances, Pakistan would head for disaster, foremost because the water flows in the Indus River would drastically reduce, as the Jhelum would be the only main tributary. The Indus River could dry up even before reaching the Arabian Sea. This would have serious repercussions on Pakistans economy. The extreme consequence of the scenario of losing Chenab to India, and the Valley of Kashmir becoming the base for redrawing the map, would be the entire reworking of the canal and irrigation system in Pakistan. It is therefore very clear that even capturing the Kashmir valley will not solve Pakistans problem. In fact such an action will only increase Pakistan vulnerability due to water scarcity. The preceding paragraphs have also brought out the immense importance of the corridor through which Chenab flows into Pakistan and same can also be examined in light of repeated Pakistanis attempts to capture this area in the past. The other point that stands out is that India is at an advantage vis -a-vis Pakistan due the geographical location of the Indus water Rivers. How does India take advantage of this? One area of immediate concern for India will be to meet its water requirement for the future. The water potential of the Beas, Satluj and Ravi has already been exploited by India. Therefore this means that the only option left is the exploitation of the Northern Rivers. What are the repercussions of such an action? As long as India uses these Northern Rivers within the provision of the IWT there would be no major objections from Pakistan but a breach of the treaty will surely invite conflagration of hostilities from our neighbours. Moreover if India wants to project itself as a responsible country willing to shoulder greater responsibility in line with its growing economic status than such an action will have detrimental results. An unstable neighbourhood as it is will deny India of any advantage that it a ccrues fro abrogation of the treaty. The above arguments elucidates that India does not have many options. As is the case with Pakistan belligerence over water is not going to solve any problem in fact it will create more. The resource available is meant for use of both the countries and has been done throughout history and therefore there is no reasons why both the countries cannot strive for a integrated development approach of the Indus basin and division of water resources is done not based on geographical partition of rivers but based on actual needs and appropriate sharing. Integrated Development Approach A sustainable solution is possible only if it is based on a win-win formula. Currently, the root of the problem lies in the lack of harmony between the interests of Pakistan and India and Jammu Kashmir. Pakistan needs Jammu Kashmir to build dams to divert water flows to Punjab and Sindh wheras India is frustrated at seeing precious resource flowing unabated into Pakistan.. On the other hand, Jammu Kashmir needs to come out of the Indus Waters Treaty to improve its own irrigation, hydro-electricity and employment prospects. The irony is that deeper the conflict grows between Punjab and Sindh in Pakistan, the greater would be the desperation of Pakistans military to annex Kashmir, resulting in increase in terrorism in Jammu Kashmir and all over India. More the tensions mount, greater are pressures on New Delhi to take a hard line against Pakistan. It is imperative for both India and Pakistan to envisage comprehensive development and planning in the River Basin. A holistic approach to water resources recognizing the interaction and economic linkages between water, land, the users, the environment and infrastructure is necessary to evade the impending water crisis in the subcontinent. The development of such a plan would require vast amount of financial and technical resources. It should be possible to mobilise such resources from around the world, perhaps with the World Bank agencies playing the lead role. The integrated development approach is Utopian. It is only possible with a paradigm shift in mindset and complete end to hostilities, both physical and psychological. The prerequisite of such an approach would be the following[4]:- Complete end to terrorism. Change in mindset in Pakistan about using Kashmiri youth as a tool to ensure Punjabs prosperity and consolidate control over an increasingly alienated Sindh. Acceptance by both, India and Pakistan, to treat Kashmir for the good of the Kashmiri people, and increase efficiency in domestic water management. Restoration of mutual trust and confidence between both countries. Benefit sharing is widely touted as the solution to water conflicts around the world, although operationalizing the concept is tricky. Benefit sharing is appealing because it shifts away from a volume driven approach to a more ecological approach that specifies and shares the benefit derived from the water source. For countries to participate in a cooperative framework, benefit sharing must offer rewards greater than those of unilateral action[5] . Many would argue that given the level of animosity between the two countries such an approach is impractical. One must wonder if it is, in fact, a viable alternative. Should it not prove to be an acceptable alternative than the future seems bleak for India Pakistan relations? A careful approach to the problem will divulge that this approach is the only practical way of solving future water problems. For an equitable and sustainable management of shared water resources, flexible, holistic approach of integrated water resource management is required, which can cater to hydrological variations in time and space and changes in socio-economic needs along with the societal values[6] . Given the commonality of water resources, the commonality of their utilization, and the commonality of the emergent issues, there is clearly a strong case for meaningful interaction between the scientific institutions and water management agencies across the region[7].This would include information sharing, collaborative studies, capacity building, and technology exchange. Rather than expending huge amount of money in building up offensive potential integration of interest will go a long way in building peace and harmony in the region. There is a need to establish a suitable regulatory framework that aims at integrated water management rather that just geographical division of water resources. With an ap propriate regulatory structure, cross border transactions in volving water services could be a significant source of employment, economic growth and livelihood security[8]. Spotlight on Indus River Diplomacy,Robert G Wirsing and Christopher Jasparro, APCSS Waslekar, The Final Settlement, pp. 47-53, 73-78. ibid, pp. 47-53, 73-78. Ibid , pp 53. Climate Change and Water: Examining the Interlinkages, Jayashree Vivekanandan and Sreeja Nair, Troubled Waters by David Michel and Amit Pandya. Water Resources of India, Rakesh Kumar, RD Singh and KD Singh, Current Science, Vol 89, No 5 , Sep 2005 ,pp804. South Asian Perspective on Climate Change and water policy, Ashok Jaitly, Troubled Waters by David Michel and Amit Pandya. The Management of Inter State Rivers as Demand Grows and Supplies Tighten Ben Crow and Nirvikar Singh, MPRA accessed on line at mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de

Apocalypse Now In The Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I read â€Å"Heart of Darkness† by Joseph Conrad, I kept feeling the illusion of dà ©jà   vu. It was as though I had been here before. I wasn’t sure how since I have not read 98% percent of the assignments for this class before. As the story progressed, the name of Kurtz kept signaling me. Click. Brando. Apocalypse Now. Francis Ford Coppela’s masterpiece about killing the evil that can reside in a human form. (Probably the best work that Martin Sheen has ever done in his career.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main character of the story is a man named Marlow. Marlow is relating an experience he had while he was a steamboat captain, hired to bring back Ivory from Africa. â€Å"’ I don’t want to bother you much with what happened to me personally,’ he began, showing in his remark the weakness of many tellers of tales who seem so often unaware of what their audience would best like to hear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He starts by explaining his childhood desire to go to Africa and, when he accepts a job with a trading company, is given his opportunity. The start of his journey finds him in an unorganized mess of a group. He is shown that his fellow employees have little concern for the lives of the natives employed to assist them in their search for ivory. â€Å"A nigger was being beaten near by. They said he had caused the fire in some way; be that as it may, he was screeching most horribly. I saw him later, for several days, sitting in a bit of shade lookin g very sick and trying to recover himself: afterwards he arose and went out – and the wilderness without a sound took him into its bosom again.† This lack of concern for human life is a theme throughout the rest of the story. During the first part of the story, Marlow is given insight to the inner station manager known as Kurtz. Kurtz appears to be everything to everyone. He is respected, feared, loved and hated. Marlow becomes intrigued by his perception of the man and begins to imagine what he is like. After Marlow hears of what occurred the last time anyone from the company had seen Kurtz, his vision of the man becomes pristine. â€Å"As for me, I seemed to see Kurtz for the first time. It was a distinct glimpse: the dugout, the four paddling savages, and the lone white man turning his back suddenly on the headquarters, on relief, on thoughts of home – perhaps; setting his face toward the depths of the wilderness, towards his empty and desolate station.